Muzzleloadingforum.com - The synthetic powders energy level per cubic inch is the same as black powder so use the volume measure for all of them. A .45 caliber rifle will use a .440 diameter ball patched with a patch that may be from .010 to .020 thick. Most people find that a .015-=.018 patch works best. The patch must also be made of pure cotton.

 
Gang molds were apparently common. In 1768, Baynton, Warton and Morgan received these: "4 Brass Bullet Moulds in Chest No, 3 to run 30 bullets at once in each (moulds at 55 shillings a piece)" In the Shane interviews a couple of interesting entries, late 18th century. James Wade: “He ran all his bullets in a pair of moulds that had a knife in .... Kobi thai

I am in the process of making my own stain for curly maple using nitric acid and distilled water in a 5/1 solution. Going to split it up and try adding iron from different sources and see how it work out. My intention is to have one batch with wrought Iron added, another with some 1095 steel I have, and the last batch be a basic acid/water mix.Shiloh Sharps 1863 infantry rifle with .535” ball at 50 yards. Loaded loose 2fg powder after lightly breech seating the ball and CCI musket caps. After more then a dozen shots I adjusted the sight for the last two in the bullseye. 383D6502-C1B1-43A3-8F7B-FFEC3DAC92E5 by Oliver Sudden, on Flickr.882. Reaction score. 13. Jan 28, 2005. #1. A few days back I did a spread sheet on the ballistic performance of the .50 cal round ball. I got several PM, and a few eMail, asking about the .54 round ball. Well, for all those who asked, and anyone else who may be interested, I ran a program on the .54 Round ball using the following parameters.They are all Pedersolis, much to my pleasure, and are 1)a 50cal Pennsylvania long rifle, 2) a double SxS 12ga percussion shotgun and 3) a .62cal/20ga Indian Trade Musket. They all arrived within a four day period and, damn, this is one happy boy here. The reason I'm bothering you on this frosty fall morning is my utter amazement at the Trade Rifle.Jul 4, 2023 ... Cannon ... I have known guys that bought cannon powder and ground it to smaller size, repackaged it and used it. last one (package) i saw was 25lb ...At least for now, he'll self-isolate at home. On Nov. 1, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director general of the World Health Organization (WHO), announced that he had come into co...Heading to the hills like a modern day mountain man. 1; 2; 3 … Go to pageGang molds were apparently common. In 1768, Baynton, Warton and Morgan received these: "4 Brass Bullet Moulds in Chest No, 3 to run 30 bullets at once in each (moulds at 55 shillings a piece)" In the Shane interviews a couple of interesting entries, late 18th century. James Wade: “He ran all his bullets in a pair of moulds that had a knife in ...I had a couple of Uberti 1858's a while back, but gave them to my son. However, I did do a little research. @64Springer is right in that you can go blind reading all there is out there, but my guess is you're aware of this and asking for some suggestions to narrow it down. Forget about brand names for a few minutes, and look at features.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Mar 10, 2008. #4. When I was a kid, we didn't have fancy pre-made wads. We used pieces of old wasp nest (very good), news paper and even cotton balls. The trick was to pull the cotton balls apart a little bit so that they didn't fly very far. Lubed with a loose beeswax and tallow/olive oil lube they worked well.Apr 18, 2008 · 4. Sep 7, 2008. #8. There's almost as many different types of patchbox release mechanisms as their are schools of longrifles. Some builders that try to recreate specific longrifles as exactly as possible try to use the same type of mechanism as the original rifle they are copying, even if the mechanism is hidden. Ok I got a good old cva st.louis hawken in 54. I used to hunt elk with it. The load I used was 90 grains of rs and a cast 380 grain real bullet.do to bad neck and back I can no longer shoot this load. So I was thinking using it on deer with a round ball. Most shots at black tail deer here or...982. Location. Denver, CO. Oct 17, 2017. #4. One of my newer acquisitions is a vintage contemporary NW Trade Guns built by Michael Hayes in Feb 1979. This represents a W. Chance & Son trade gun from the early 1840's. The lock was assembled from a parts set sold by Doc Carlson at Upper Missouri Trading Co.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Jun 6, 2008. #11. I received a box of Hornady Great Plains bullets in .58 caliber with a lightly used .58 cal Zouave. When I got to the range I wiped the bore, poured 60 grains of Pyrodex RS down the hole and started the pre lubed bullet. It got about 12 inches down the bore and stopped.4. Sep 7, 2008. #8. There's almost as many different types of patchbox release mechanisms as their are schools of longrifles. Some builders that try to recreate specific longrifles as exactly as possible try to use the same type of mechanism as the original rifle they are copying, even if the mechanism is hidden.3,489. Reaction score. 4,369. Jan 28, 2021. #1. I recently purchased a Numrich Arms Swivel Barrel rifle (.45). I want to strip finish and brown it. My question is about disassembling the gun. The barrels are held onto the frame by a knurled bolt (?) that uses an allen wrench.Nov 27, 2021. #1. I have a couple of hundred or more 45 caliber conical bullets designed for paper patching. To accommodate for the patching, the actual bullet diameter is under .458, and varies somewhat depending on bullet weight, etc. Bullet weights vary from 450-550 grains. I owned at one time a percussion rifle built for such bullets.The subject got on Uberti vs Pietta. He said that Uberti upgraded the factory to modern C&C machining and other "upgrades" to offset labor costs. Once that was complete they retired or laid off most of the skilled labor. While Uberti was making the upgrades, Pietta watched as they were considering similar factory upgrades.This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We ...The Ronald Reagan UFO sighting occurred in 1974 while Reagan was flying to Bakersfield, California. Learn more about the Ronald Reagan UFO sighting. Advertisement One night in 1974...With conicals, You can go a bit slower than 1:48 and still stabilize some longer bullets. But, either paper patched bullets in shallow grooves must be used, nor a good base wad to seal the gases behind the bullet needs to be used so that you can get the velocity needed to stabilize these longer bullets in flight.Jul 23, 2023. #5. I have a Pedersoli Kentucky in .50cal with both the flint lock and percussion lock. Though a nicely made rifle and straight shooter it is defiantly my most disliked Muzzleloading rifle due to the heavy trigger and rather poor preforming lock. I would not buy another single trigger only, though would if it had the double set ...Hi, I recently re-read James Forsyth "The sporting rifle and its projectiles" as I read it for z very first time some years before and I became interested why is it that muzzloading rifles (specially those shooting patched round balls) are most accurate with one specific powder amount. It is obvious why rifle's accuracy deteriorates when loaded with too much powder.Apr 18, 2008 · 4. Sep 7, 2008. #8. There's almost as many different types of patchbox release mechanisms as their are schools of longrifles. Some builders that try to recreate specific longrifles as exactly as possible try to use the same type of mechanism as the original rifle they are copying, even if the mechanism is hidden. Start with a powder charge of 55 grains and work up an accurate load in 5 grain increments. My .54 only gives me decent accuracy using 2f but that may not be the case with yours. 55 grains, 3 shots, swab between shots, increase by 5 grains and repeat procedure until you get a nice tight group.3,501. Reaction score. 4,404. Dec 19, 2010. #15. I don't have any experience with antique Belgian muzzleloaders, but I have owned and shot regularly several vintage SxS, including the dreaded damascus and laminated varieties. All were very clean, well maintained guns and I only used 2.5" black powder shell in them.20. Location. Western Connecticut. Feb 27, 2023. #1. EZ Loader I Cap & Ball Revolver cylinder loader. Sold through Powder Inc. Can be used with all percussion Cap & Ball revolvers. , 40-45 cal and 32-36 cal. All hardware, fittings, instructions included.There are numerous places that can be contacted to assist you. 3) Just because black powder firearms and muzzleloaders are considered to be older or primitive weapons. They will kill you just the same as a modern firearms. 4) Please take a proper training class prior to using any firearms.New | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks you get.Heading to the hills like a modern day mountain man. 1; 2; 3 … Go to pageThe Craftsman. Muzzleloading related things you've made or have questions about making - Knives, Tomahawks, Horns, Clothing, Bags, etc. Traditional Only - no modern designs. Do not post items unrelated to Muzzleloading. This …Clay Smith kits | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ...I have a 1861 Springfield that has an exceptionally stuck minie ball. Like it's bad. I tried blasting it out atleast 10 times it hasn't moved. I tried the grease gun but the grease went around the minie so that didn't work. I broke two ball pullers of on the ball, JB welded the last puller into...The lock on the Pedersoli Besses are the style used on pattern 1756 and 1769 Besses with the wrong markings. It shows only one screw hole behind the flintcock because it has a long sear spring. Later Bess locks showed 2 screws because they shortened the sear spring and they added a hole to the top jaw screw.Feb 12, 2023. #1. I had not been able to find someone (in Oz) who could/would machine the dovetails for the underlugs and sights on my Baker Rifle build and I couldn't find much on-line covering the process so I ended up having a crck at it myself with some pretty basic tools. This is my first ever build so I am very new to this and so I can ...Reaction score. 4,974. Jul 7, 2020. #4. "Curious as to your opinions as to the best magazines dedicated to muzzleloading as it relates to my interests. Specifically, the 1750-1865 period with an emphasis on Flintlocks." With the criteria that you want, Muzzle Blasts would not fulfill it. It's a good magazine, but it is written for a broad audience.Nov 5, 2011. #8. As mentioned the underhammer was used primarily for target rifles and since hunting was 95% of what guns were used for that explains the scarcity of that design. For hunting they do have a drawback. To cock an underhammer one must take the shooting hand entirely off the grip and reach forward to the hammer.Powder, 2 thin "overshot" cards 1 or 2 lubed felt wads, shot load (either in a paper shot cup/cartridge or not), then a thin overshot card. For the Skychief load the order is; powder, thick over powder wad (sometimes referred to as a nitro card), then the shot load, thin overshot card, then a thick fiber "cushion" wad that has been thoroughly ...Jul 31, 2020 · Hunt Talk is a website for hunting enthusiasts to share tips, stories, and questions. The Muzzleloaders forum is a section for discussing muzzleloader equipment, loads, and hunting experiences. However, it does not match the query muzzleloadingforum.com, which is a different website. I built and shot a Deerhunter percussion gun and found it to be very accurate and a delight to carry for an old guy. that rifle has moved on to a grandson and he has always placed in the top 3 and often #1 when shooting it in competitions. If the sights are dove tailed (as were mine), that would be an easy fix.To get that grey look you have two options. 1) start with the barrel back "in the white" and in about 150 to 200 years it will have that nice grey look if you occasionally oil the barrel. 2) put a single application of cold blue on it. That will expedite the process by about 10X.Deer Creek Products | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account ...2,427. Location. Federal Way Washington. Nov 23, 2022. #1. Thompson Center traditional muzzleloaders, arguably the best production blackpowder guns ever made. That ought to get some blood boiling.5,750. Reaction score. 8,562. Location. Tyrone , Pa. 16686. Apr 20, 2024. #7. Also , any time you fire one barrel , uncap the unfired one , and run the ramrod down on the remaining loaded barrel to make sure the load is still where you left it , when you last loaded it. This is a safety check many forget.Jan 6, 2008 · Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us. Its a fine grained powder. Swiss 3f is a spunky powder! That charge with a .490 ball out of an old Renegade chrono'd 1750 fps. The Pennsylvania Hunter has 6 more inches of barrel, so I expect it'll be a wee bit faster. The triggers on both of my rifles are really excellent. Best TC sidelocks I've ever had.They are all Pedersolis, much to my pleasure, and are 1)a 50cal Pennsylvania long rifle, 2) a double SxS 12ga percussion shotgun and 3) a .62cal/20ga Indian Trade Musket. They all arrived within a four day period and, damn, this is one happy boy here. The reason I'm bothering you on this frosty fall morning is my utter amazement at the Trade Rifle.127. Reaction score. 252. Dec 23, 2021. #6. necchi said: With the kit stock as received, lightly wet it, that will enhance the grain appearance. If your stock presents areas of open grain (you'll see it) you could use a light slurry of a bone black agent and sand it back a bit after it dries.The old standard for 12 gauge full choke was .040" constriction. Modern guns with modern loads really don't need that much constriction but with muzzleloaders we still are duplicating the old loadings. So the recess for a full choke 12 is .020" deep, which of course enlarges the bore diameter by the required .040".General Muzzleloading. If it's not specific to the other Firearm categories, post it here.They are all Pedersolis, much to my pleasure, and are 1)a 50cal Pennsylvania long rifle, 2) a double SxS 12ga percussion shotgun and 3) a .62cal/20ga Indian Trade Musket. They all arrived within a four day period and, damn, this is one happy boy here. The reason I'm bothering you on this frosty fall morning is my utter amazement at the Trade Rifle.Jan 23, 2024. #5. It was pre-Covid, but Bobby Hoyt bored & rifled a couple of barrels for me at IIRC, $135 each. One he did he was going to freshen, but the rifling was a left hand twist and he couldn't do that so bored it out from .50 to .54. That was a T-C Pennsylvania Hunter with the reverse twist. ~Kees~.Jan 2, 2022. #5. I have a Traditions Kentucky rifle I built from a kit. I'm happy with it. But when you say it will mainly be a wall hanger it makes me think you might want to look at the Traditions Mountain rifle. I just bought one and it's really a good looking gun with the brown CeraKote barrel, trigger guard and butt plate and silver patch ...The muzzleloaders of CVA and Traditions are manufactured in Spain in the same region: Vasque Country. CVA is manufactured by Dikar and Traditions by Ardesa. Dikar is in Bergara and Ardesa in Zamudio (Bilbao). They are towns that are less than 70 milles away. The quality of the flint locks it has improved in Ardesa (Traditions) with respect to ...The short barrel like 20 or 22 inches is cute but has lots of short comings in muzzle loaders. The old timers sorted out how long a barrel needed to be and as powder got better the barrel got shorter. Looking at late guns and into the black powder cartridge rifles 30-32 inches became the normal length for full sized rifles.Powder, 2 thin "overshot" cards 1 or 2 lubed felt wads, shot load (either in a paper shot cup/cartridge or not), then a thin overshot card. For the Skychief load the order is; powder, thick over powder wad (sometimes referred to as a nitro card), then the shot load, thin overshot card, then a thick fiber "cushion" wad that has been thoroughly ...Location. mexico. Apr 17, 2023. #1. Everyone has bushel basket of hunting stories that they can share, unless you're very young or don't hunt. I saw no place to tell/post my adventures, so it looks like it will default to here. There had been a drought in 1986 . . . or maybe it was in 1988, I really don't recall, but no matter.Jul 31, 2022. #2. The T/C PA Hunter is a good rifle. I have both the flint and percussion. I think the 450-550 price range is more like a value. However, the lock needs attention as the geometry of the original T/C can be improved for more reliable performance. I sent mine out to Cabin Creek Muzzleloaders to be re-worked.Location. The Meat Counter. Jun 25, 2023. #5. I tried to sharpen a flint once. On the second or third tap with a small hammer a small flake made a bee line for the corner of right eye and hit my skin. Put down the hammer, jumped on the TOTW website and bought flints. Happily paying the delivery fee and taxes.Discuss non-smokeless Inline muzzleloading rifles here! This site may earn a commission from merchant affiliate links, including eBay, Amazon, and others.Reaction score. 291. Location. New Hampshire. Jan 6, 2024. #1. I know there are a few lucky people that may still have their deer season or others open, but up here in the great north woods everything is closed. Our next season to look forward to is Turkey season which opens the beginning of May.Georgia Outdoor News 4331 Seven Islands Rd Madison, GA 30650 (706) 343-0001 (800) 438-4663. Send us an e-mail15. Mar 1, 2014. #2. You're right about Illinois law making little sense. Some of the goofy stuff; During the muzzleloading rifle only season pistols are NOT allowed. But you CAN use your muzzleloading pistol during the late-winter antlerless-only season so long as it meets muzzle energy requirements.Federal Way Washington. Dec 1, 2019. #1. T/C Hawken rifles appear to have gone through a number of changes over the years, barrel wedge and lock bolt escutcheons surface mounted rather than inlet, clean out screws discontinued, sight changes, hammer configuration changes, stock shape and perhaps some others.Oct 27, 2020 · I've never shot one of those .58 cal rifles before. Well, first, the Buffalo Hunter's not a musket nor an accurate copy of any military-issued firearm that I know of. Short barrel, crude sights, etc. It was a creation of Val Forget of Navy Arms to fill a market niche and precision target shooting at long range was not "it". i have had to watch carefully the stain/finish i use for that reason. i have a Pedersoli that any mineral spirit, alcohol, or even some lubes will shed its stain just as yours is doing. try ballistol without water in an inconspicuous place. or wax it down with Rennaissance wax. carefully. even wax ma draw the stain.33,410. Reaction score. 8,508. Location. Phoenix, AZ. Feb 26, 2019. #2. A company that called itself Ultra-Hi tried getting into the black powder muzzleloading game back in the 1970's by importing low cost guns. I'm …Both rifles will produce comparable accuracy/precision. Using a 50 yard zero, the difference in drop between the two at this range is less then an inch, 45cal (4.9"), 58cal (5.7"), The initial gap in velocity evens up at 100 yards with the 45cal at 997FPS compared to the 58cal at 992FPS, even with the 300FPS difference at the muzzle.I've never shot one of those .58 cal rifles before. Well, first, the Buffalo Hunter's not a musket nor an accurate copy of any military-issued firearm that I know of. Short barrel, crude sights, etc. It was a creation of Val Forget of Navy Arms to fill a market niche and precision target shooting at long range was not "it".May 27, 2021. #11. Idaholewis said: They were 1 of TC's "Meat & Potatoes" type Rifles, I have one in .54 Cal, it was my 1st Muzzleloader, a Gift from my Dad. To be brutally honest, I personally don't like the New Englander, If it wasn't for it being a Gift from my Dad it would have been LONG Gone, LONG ago.Dec 20, 2022. #12. I bought a Sitting Fox Pennsylvania in .54 cal smoothbore. It was my third kit, the first two were Dixie. They have good quality parts, but the kit needs work, and you must have tools. Mine is iron mounted, single trigger, straight barrel, and I browned everything. It has been very reliable.Jan 23, 2024. #5. It was pre-Covid, but Bobby Hoyt bored & rifled a couple of barrels for me at IIRC, $135 each. One he did he was going to freshen, but the rifling was a left hand twist and he couldn't do that so bored it out from .50 to .54. That was a T-C Pennsylvania Hunter with the reverse twist. ~Kees~.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Then forge you out a simple strap staple from a coat hanger or 1/8th inch wire. Pre-drill a couple of undersized holes and tap the staple in. Won't effect the value of this horn one bit! Use a little gun bluing or browning to take the new made off of your staple. Rick.Nov 25, 2019 · Oct 18, 2020. #1. Yesterday I was fortunate enough to kill a nice buck with my .54 flintlock using a .530 round ball with a .018 patch over 80 grains of Swiss FFG at about 60 yards.. Although I posted the fact I was blessed with success, I neglected to comment on the sheer power displayed by the round ball I shot. Location. mexico. Apr 17, 2023. #1. Everyone has bushel basket of hunting stories that they can share, unless you're very young or don't hunt. I saw no place to tell/post my adventures, so it looks like it will default to here. There had been a drought in 1986 . . . or maybe it was in 1988, I really don't recall, but no matter.Smokeless Muzzleloading. Post thread. Loads, tips, and shooting for the Savage muzzleloader, SMI smokeless and other muzzleloaders approved for smokeless ONLY. Warning! Smokeless powder loads are not for use in any other muzzleloaders.Dec 16, 2023 · Patrick Rumora said: There is a huge difference between black powder and smokeless black powder and I want to make a few things clear. 1) Do not try to use any smokeless powders in any type of muzzleloader, UNLESS IT SPECIFIES IT. 2) If you don't understand the difference between black powder and smokeless powders. Jan 23, 2024. #5. It was pre-Covid, but Bobby Hoyt bored & rifled a couple of barrels for me at IIRC, $135 each. One he did he was going to freshen, but the rifling was a left hand twist and he couldn't do that so bored it out from .50 to .54. That was a T-C Pennsylvania Hunter with the reverse twist. ~Kees~.

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What it looks like, does matter. There are some Yazel pistols that fit the forums idea of what is traditional so, if they look like the pistols that were used in 1866 or earlier, they are allowed. There are many Yazel pistols that look like a cross between a traditional sidelock or underhammer gun and a modern Colt 1911 or a High Standard ...I had a couple of Uberti 1858's a while back, but gave them to my son. However, I did do a little research. @64Springer is right in that you can go blind reading all there is out there, but my guess is you're aware of this and asking for some suggestions to narrow it down. Forget about brand names for a few minutes, and look at features.Hi Jim, My first muzzle loader was a TC.45 seneca. Our club held shoots monthly in the summer and I practiced every Saturday. My gun liked 70 grs.3f goex,.440 rb,.015 pillow ticking,and crisco for lube.It shot 1-1/4" groups @ 100 yds. from sand bag rest. Hunting load was 90 grs.goex w/Lee minie bullet.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Pedersoli makes a very strong barrel. Having said that, I would. join in with Musketeer and cap the loads at the 100 grain limit or equal with pellets/powder. Triple 7, 50-60 grains. The actual load you will get to by working up to with targets, so. adjust yourself based upon results.0. Jan 29, 2007. #1. Hi, Most of my muzzleloader experience is with tc hawkens... I just picked up a used Traditions Deer Hunter, percussion, 1:48" twist 24" barrel, Its a little older model with the wood stock and thin fixed rubber butt plate...gun is in really nice shape, but it needs a few things ! The first and most important is the flat ... Join the online community of muzzleloader enthusiasts and share your experiences, tips, questions and photos. Browse the latest posts on topics such as wet weather tips, bullet stability, flintlocks, percussion caps, and more. 733. Location. Jacksonville, Florida. Dec 4, 2022. #9. The best range rod I have ever owned is the 44" stainless steel Creedmoor rod threaded 8/32 with a brass muzzle protector. I have broken and lost many range rods over the years and the Creedmoor steel rod from Track of the Wolf is the best I have ever used.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.The Craftsman. Muzzleloading related things you've made or have questions about making - Knives, Tomahawks, Horns, Clothing, Bags, etc. Traditional Only - no modern designs. Do not post items unrelated to Muzzleloading. This is not a "general craft" category.The Hawken and Renegade are advertised as being .500 bore with .006” grooves. This gives you a total space of .512” that you need to work off of. Subtract the .490 ball and this means you need to make up .022” of space. Divide that in half and you find that you need a minimum of .011” patching for a loose fit.Concrete nails are easily found at your local hardware store. Heat to a bright red color and allow to cool slowly (softens the hardened concrete nail), shape with a hammer and/or files, heat to a bright cherry red and quench in oil or water, temper in your (toaster) oven at 375-400F for an hour and do a final sharpening..

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